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Now coming to the setup part. Now in the loop, we check if there is anything available on the serial port and then read the data and since the incoming data is an integer, we parse it and display on the connected LCD. EIA-485 (formerly RS-485 or RS485) is an OSI Model physical layer electrical specification of a two-wire, half-duplex, multipoint serial connection. All about RS485 - How RS485 Works and How to Implement RS485 into Industrial Control Systems? It works on half-duplex communication to implement the function of converting the TTL level into RS-485 level which means it can either transmit or receive at any time, not both, it can achieve a maximum transmission rate of 2.5Mbps. MAX485 transceiver draws a supply current of between 120μA and 500μA under the unloaded or fully loaded conditions when the driver is disabled. This works well and prevents the existence of ground loops, a common source of communication problems. In this project, we have only used a baud rate of 9600 which is well under the maximum transfer speed we can achieve with the MAX-485 Module but this speed is suitable for most of the sensor modules out there and we don’t really need all the maximum speeds while working with Arduino and other development boards unless you are using the cable as an ethernet connection and require all the bandwidth and transfer speed you can get.

But if you are building a control system with these development boards over a distance greater than 10 to 15 meters, then you should take the noise and signal power into consideration because if you want your system to work reliably, then you cannot afford to lose the data while transferring. Maintain as much distance as possible and cross any power cable at a right angle. At small transmission distances speeds up to 35Mbps can be realized with RS485 although the transmission speed will decrease with distance. Most Modbus implementations use RS485 due to the allowance of longer distances, higher speeds and multiple devices on a single network. At 1200m of transmission speed, you can use only 100kbps of transmission speed. 1200 is the baud rate that you choose; you can specify any standard baud rate up to 4800 baud. The SPI can transfer data much more rapidly than an asynchronous serial link - its maximum rate is 2 Megabits/second.

These standard 9-pin serial connectors are located on the top edge of the QVGA Controller. This function properly configures the directions of the SPI I/O pins, and configures the data transfer such that data is valid on the falling trailing edge of the clock, with the clock idling in the low state. UART is an Asynchronous transmission device hence there is no clock signal to sync the data between the two devices instead it uses start and stop bits at the start and end of each data packet respectively to mark the extremities of the data being transferred. But there are some limitations to it as it cannot support multiple slaves and multiple masters and the maximum data frame is limited to 9 bits. Without termination resistors, reflections of fast driver edges can cause multiple data edges that can cause data corruption. Compatible with Worldwide LoRaWAN networks: It can be used with different types of LoRaWAN gateways and is compatible with multiple LoRaWAN Network Servers (Helium, TTN, etc). The shielding may be braided (be formed by a mesh of thin conducting wires) or be a foil (consisting of a sheet of metal wound around the conductors): the two types are equivalent.

They have Shielding Jacket over the insulation layer to protect against the Electromagnetic Interference and also each pair of wires is twisted together to prevent any current loop formation and thus much better protection against the noise. In practice, Cat 5 cables have been used successfully in many installations, but there are some concerns. These detailed signal descriptions and cable diagrams are presented to provide complete information for those who have special communications requirements and for those who wish to make their own application-specific communications cables. The main reason behind using these Ethernet Cables over normal wires is that they provide much better protection against noise creeping in and distortion of the signal over high distances. Polarity of the wires must be observed. Ideally, the two ends of the cable will have a termination resistor connected across the two wires and two powered resistors to bias the lines apart when the lines are not being driven.

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